Does the original Gospel that was in Aramaic exist nowadays, and where is it?.
Praise be to Allaah.
Firstly:
Researchers and specialists in the study of religion and ancient history differ concerning the language spoken by the Messenger ‘Eesa ibn Maryam (Jesus son of Mary, peace be upon him).
Researchers are unanimously agreed that Palestine at the time of ‘Eesa was a mosaic, and that its inhabitants were a mix from every nation and language, and they spoke, to varying degrees, Hebrew and Aramaic in different dialects, as well as Greek and Latin.
But differences arose among them when they tried to define the geographical borders of each of these languages, and when they wanted to find out the distinguishing features of these languages and determine to what extent they were influenced by one another.
When we read of the life of Jesus in the four Gospels, we find that he addressed different groups of people. He addressed the masses in various cities and desert areas, and he addressed the members of the supreme council (Sanhedrin) and the teachers of the Law, and those who were in charge of the Temple and running the religious affairs of the Jews. He also addressed the Roman governor of Palestine whose language was Latin.
Among the Aramaic words attributed to the Messiah in the Gospels are:
“ ‘Eloi, Eloi, lama sabachthani?’—which means, ‘My God, my God, why have you forsaken me?’”
(Matthew 27:46)
“He took her by the hand and said to her, ‘Talitha koum!’ (which means, ‘Little girl, I say to you, get up!’”
(Mark 5:41)
“Jesus said to her, ‘Mary.’ She turned toward him and cried out in Aramaic, ‘Rabboni!’ (which means Teacher)”
John 20:16
It seems that the discussion was in their language, but because of these different reports there was a strong difference of opinion among the scholars and researchers as to the language of the Messiah (peace be upon him).
Ibn Taymiyah and Ibn al-Qayyim were of the view that he did not speak any language other than Hebrew. Ibn Taymiyah said in al-Jawaab al-Saheeh (3/75):
The Messiah was a Hebrew and did not speak anything but Hebrew. End quote.
And he said in (1/90): The one says that the language of the Messiah was Aramaic or Greek is mistaken. End quote.
Some of them were of the view that all the evidence shows that most of the speech of ‘Eesa (peace be upon him) was in Aramaic, which was the most widely spoken language of the people. He also spoke Hebrew, the language of the Old Testament, to a lesser degree, and it seems that he was educated in Latin and Greek.
See: Lughat al-Maseeh ‘Eesa ibn Maryam by Dr. ‘Abd al-‘Azeez Shahbar (p. 112, 113), published in the book Lughaat al-Rusul.
Secondly:
The Muslims are all obliged to believe in the Gospel (Injeel) that Allaah revealed to His Prophet Jesus the Messiah (peace be upon him). The one who denies that is a kaafir according to scholarly consensus.
Allaah says (interpretation of the meaning):
“And in their footsteps, We sent ‘Eesa (Jesus), son of Maryam (Mary), confirming the Tawraat (Torah) that had come before him, and We gave him the Injeel (Gospel), in which was guidance and light and confirmation of the Tawraat (Torah) that had come before it, a guidance and an admonition for Al-Muttaqoon (the pious)”
[al-Maa’idah 5:46]
Our belief in the Gospel dictates that we should also believe that it exists and that it was revealed completely, and we believe that everything that he brought from Allaah was true.
But there is nothing in Islam to tell us whether this Gospel was written and compiled at the time of ‘Eesa (peace be upon him) or who wrote it, or who preserved it and disseminated it, or whether the Messiah taught it to the people orally or whether the disciples transmitted it and who believed in it, or whether some of it was written down and some was not. These are questions that we cannot answer for certain nowadays, rather some researchers deny that there was even a true Gospel that was compiled in the form of a book; rather it was just words that were transmitted.
The great scholar al-Taahir ibn ‘Ashoor says in al-Tahreer wa’l-Tanweer (3/26), commenting on the tafseer of Soorat Aal ‘Imraan:
With regard to the Gospel, this is the name of the Revelation that was sent to ‘Eesa (peace be upon him) and was compiled by his companions. End quote.
Shaykh Ahmad Deedat (may Allaah have mercy on him) said:
We believe sincerely that everything that ‘Eesa (peace be upon him) said was Revelation from Allaah, and that it was the Gospel and glad tidings for the Children of Israel. But throughout his life, ‘Eesa did not write a single word, and he did not order anyone to write anything. Hal al-Kitaab al-Muqaddas Kalimat Allaah (Is the Bible God’s Word?), p. 14.
But it seems that the Messiah (peace be upon him) know how to read and write. This may be understood from the words of Allaah (interpretation of the meaning):
“And He (Allaah) will teach him [‘Eesa (Jesus)] the Book and Al-Hikmah (i.e. the Sunnah, the faultless speech of the Prophets, wisdom), (and) the Tawraat (Torah) and the Injeel (Gospel)”
[Aal ‘Imraan 3:48]
Ibn Katheer (may Allaah have mercy on him) said:
It seems that what is meant by Book here is writing.
Tafseer al-Qur’aan il-‘Azeem (1/485).
But we do not have any evidence that the revelation was written down at the time of Eesa (peace be upon him). The fact that the Gospel is called “a Book” in the Holy Qur'aan does not indicate that it was written down on pages at the time it was revealed. The fact that it is called a Book only refers to that which is with Allaah in al-Lawh al-Mahfooz, or that it was something that could be written. That applies to the Holy Qur’aan, as Allaah calls it a Book. Rather it was transmitted verbally as well as being written down randomly on skins and parchments. In fact it was not a compiled Book until the time of Abu Bakr al-Siddeeq (may Allaah be pleased with him). Indeed, Allaah says (interpretation of the meaning):
“And even if We had sent down unto you (O Muhammad صلى الله عليه وسلم) a Message written on paper so that they could touch it with their hands, the disbelievers would have said: ‘This is nothing but obvious magic!’”
[al-An’aam 6:7]
al-Taahir ibn ‘Ashoor said in his commentary on Soorat Maryam 19:30:
The Scripture refers to the law which is usually written lest it be subject to change. The word Scripture is applied to the Law of ‘Eesa just as it is applied to the Qur’aan.
Al-Tahreer wa’l-Tanweer (8/470).
Similarly the Christians do not believe that there is a book that was written by the Messiah or one of his disciples during his lifetime that was lost after that.
Shaykh al-Islam Ibn Taymiyah (may Allaah have mercy on him) said:
As for the Gospel that is in their hands, they acknowledge that it was not written by the Messiah (peace be upon him), nor did he dictate it to someone else to write it down. Rather they wrote it after the Messiah was taken up (into heaven).
Al-Jawaab al-Saheeh (1/491).
There is a clear difference between the Revelation that was sent down to Moosa and the Revelation that was sent down to ‘Eesa. In the holy Qur’aan there is an indication that the former was written down, as Allaah says (interpretation of the meaning):
“And We wrote for him on the Tablets the lesson to be drawn from all things and the explanation for all things (and said): Hold unto these with firmness, and enjoin your people to take the better therein. I shall show you the home of Al-Faasiqoon (the rebellious, disobedient to Allaah)”
[al-A’raaf 7:145]
Although it seems from the words of some Muslim scholars that the true Gospel was compiled and written at the time of the Messiah (peace be upon him). You can find that in the words of Ibn Hazm in al-Fisal and Ibn Taymiyah in al-Jawaab al-Saheeh.
Similarly it says that the word Gospel (Injeel) is applied to that which Allaah revealed to the Messiah, as it says in the Gospel of Mark 8:35: “whoever loses his life for me and for the gospel will save it”.
As for the Gospels that are extant nowadays, they are not the true Gospel, but no one can deny that they contain a great deal of the Gospel that Allaah revealed to the Messiah.
Ibn Taymiyah (may Allaah have mercy on him) said:
These four books that they call the Gospel, or call each of them a Gospel, were written by them after the Messiah was taken up into heaven, but they do not say in them that they are the word of God, or that the Messiah conveyed them from God. Rather they transmitted in them some of the words of the Messiah, and some of his actions and miracles. They said that they did not narrate from him everything that they heard and saw from him. So they are more akin to what was narrated by the scholars of hadeeth, biography and maghaazi reports from the Prophet (peace and blessings of Allaah be upon him) of his words and deeds that are not Qur’aan. So the Gospels that they have in their hands are more like the books of seerah and hadeeth, or like these books, even if most of them are true.
Al-Jawaab al-Saheeh (2/14).
See also the answer to question no. 47516.
